Toyota Motor Company Marketing Plan Research Paper

Toyota Motor Company Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example January 2013: After the financial plan has been distinguished and group research assignments have been apportioned, the groups will lead their exploration and arrange reports for top administration and for showcasing choices and item the board and choices. Now the arranging stage starts. As Moorman and Miner (1998) advise, a showcasing technique creatures with a â€Å"careful audit of natural and firm information† which is then trailed by arranging (p. 1). Now the entirety of the essential examination would have been finished and the financial plan distinguished for execution of the dispatch of the item. The long stretch of January 2013 will thusly be saved for arranging showcasing, creation/assembling, advancement and dispersion methodologies and time tables will be set up for each procedure. Groups will be framed for overseeing and placing these systems without hesitation. February 2013: At this stage, Toyota should choose a structure and specialist group who will plan and p lan the mechanics of the super vehicle separately. The structure group will plan and structure the physical engineering of the vehicle. The repairman group will design the motor and other mechanical elements of the vehicle. Now the plan and designing/repairman groups will likewise have data from innovative specialists educated by innovative work concerning the ideal determinations for the super vehicle. Innovative, mechanical information and information on all the details that intrigue to super vehicle devotee will go into the structure and mechanics of the new Toyota super vehicle. After all when Ferrari Maserati Group propelled its new Maserati MC in 2004, it was Ferrari’s information in the development of super vehicles and its information on Formula 1 innovation that drove the plan and mechanics of the Maserati MC (Arema, 2010). Walk 2013: The completed vehicle should be tried for strength, wellbeing, productivity, speed and for the most part whether the super vehicle is fit for reason (Weitz and Wensley, 2002). Clearly, if there are any deformities in the item plan, those imperfections should be corrected. In this way the long stretch of March is saved for distinguishing any deformities and correcting abandons and in any case determine whether the structure, style and execution of the super vehicle can be improved before putting the vehicle available. April 2013: Once a model is agreeably assembled, the promoting group will probably conclude that they might want to test the market. This is typically the situation with the starting of another vehicle (Weitz and Wensley, 2002). In this way the advertising group will be required to know, what should be done so as to sell the new super vehicle. Along these lines an estimation of the assets and different assets required for publicizing, making motivating forces for vendors, and advancements for the most part. Albeit, an examination was led in the underlying stages, this exploration was done progress of time of a genuine vehicle. Since a vehicle has been structured and it is fit to be propelled the limited time and promoting angles can be arranged all the more explicitly. It will be important to realize what number of vehicles will be delivered with explicit highlights, for example, mapping, hues, sound frameworks, and so on. Toyota should direct an inquiry of worldwide markets to decide similarity of highlights to explicit markets (Wietz and Wensley, 2002

The Representation of Crime in London's Media Essay

The Representation of Crime in London's Media - Essay Example Media like to introduce the most electrifying news to the perusers. On account of wrongdoings likewise there is an inclination to distribute the perfect casualties more regularly than different casualties. It has gotten so basic on the planet and the equivalent is with the media in London. The part played by media in speaking to the wrongdoings can't be dismissed as in the new time of data innovation. The Book named Victims, Crime and Society altered by Pamela Davies, Peter Francis, and Chris Gheer express the significance of media in managing the detailing of violations and the related issues quite well. They consider media as, â€Å"They are of crucial significance to the individuals who might advance a specific perspective on wrongdoing casualties and exploitation, or try to challenge or change existing views† (Davies, Francis and Greer, 2007, p.8). So the news stories in media impact individuals and make a dream of the truth in the psyches of perusers. The purposes of a me dium are not quite the same as another thus the fact of the matter is classified in every single paper. The visual media additionally is loaded up with the components of wrongdoing in it. The individuals of London can't escape from the grasp of TV and web. They are appended to it profoundly. The violations show up in these offices draw in people’s regard for it. ... Definitely, the contribution of media can be found in every single wrongdoing recorded in media. Not all wrongdoings get space in the media and those violations which have news esteem discover its space in the media. Chris Greer remarks, â€Å"†¦there exists a pecking order of exploitation, both reflected and fortified in media and authority talks. At one extraordinary, the individuals who secure the status of ‘ideal victim’ may draw in enormous degrees of media consideration, create aggregate grieving on a close to worldwide scale, and drive critical change to social and criminal equity strategy and practice (Greer, 2004, p.22). The essayist further gives the depiction of perfect casualties as â€Å"a individual or class of people who-when hit by wrongdoing most promptly are given the total and real status of being a casualty, including the individuals who are seen as powerless, exposed, guiltless and deserving of compassion and compassion† (Greer, 2004, p. 22). As such those people who can get consideration and compassion of the perusers effectively is gathered into perfect casualty. The perfect casualty ought to have a note of empathy and compassion from the perusers. The greater power of the perfect casualties, the higher is the odds for its appearance in news media. These people increment the flow of the media in the general public. Wrongdoing is a key element of a news media. Nearly in each news media there is exceptional space for including wrongdoing stories, much the same as giving extraordinary space for sports news. David Levinson in Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume1-4 properly puts, â€Å"Researchers breaking down a wide range of types media and media markets have discovered that wrongdoing represents somewhere in the range of 20 and 50 percent of the complete space accessible for news† (Levinson,

Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Huxley catches the impact of the use of logical techniques to strategies in the cutting edge American culture to a more considerable degree than any other time in recent memory, perceived by perusers of his novel, Brave New World. This depicts a world revolved around logical advancement and control. Huxley exposes the furthest point of impact given to Americans by progressive science. With an end goal to everlastingly improve, society has complied with numerous methods of fixing blemishes. From medical procedures and drugs for fair sicklings to infusions for eager, bombastic abusers, individuals overall have changed from past times worth remembering to the quick paced, materialistic world. While revelations in science are regularly to assist society, is it conceivable that these freshly discovered fortunes are really a prelude for decay and ruin? Since most young ladies could recall, the main way it appeared to be conceivable to become effective was by living in the group of Cinderella or Barbie or Miss America. As they developed, not all that much. The picture stayed as a wonderful bean pole when media and big names were continually tossed in their face. Before, in the event that they didn’t have â€Å"the look†, they were left miserable and hesitant. Fortunately, some moron concluded they would mishandle the intensity of nature and science by giving these young ladies a solution to their supplications. Plastic Surgery! What they didn’t represent was the effect. Presently, not exclusively were the alluring permitted to have the picture, everybody was-once more, decreasing the trust in the female populace and empowering another companion, harassing. In addition, it is influencing the emotional wellness of kids in this vain society. Overviews and ongoing examination show that â€Å" Teens see plastic medical procedure as an approach to fit in and look satisfactory to companions and peers† (Plastic Surgery). How could it be that society has permitted this harm to happen? The first aims of these various kinds of medical procedures were straightforward. Science isn’t the one to be considered mindful, rather the frailties of certain

American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources Essay Example for Free

American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources Essay The utility that is as of now controlled by an administrative commission or office is power. The state, government and neighborhood organizations manage power that is conveyed to the purchasers while simultaneously deciding the pace of return for the utility. One of the significant bodies that play out the obligation of controlling power rates is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Guideline of power as one of the generally utilized utility is finished by administrative organizations and specialists that decide the costs that are charged. Aside from the guideline of costs of power that customers are charged, the administrative specialists likewise decide the terms of administration to the buyers, the spending plans and the different development designs that have been set up (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009).   Electricity is a vital utility that should be directed in order to guarantee the insurance of the customers from deceitful retailers of the utility (McGrew American Bar Association, 2009). The administrative principles set down assistance in setting the retail rates that are charged on shoppers while simultaneously helping the retailers to recuperate the different costs that they have caused subsequently give them a pace of profit for its capital that can be viewed as â€Å"fair.† Regulation of power retail rates by government organizations and administrative commissions is likewise confronted with the issue of dispensing the regular costs that are engaged with the guideline (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009).   Furthermore, the utility’s pace of return for the retailers is likewise influenced by the legislative issues, whereby this permits scope that is engaged with the setting of rates for the various purchasers in the market (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). The guideline by the legislature just as the administrative organizations and commissions likewise necessitate that the utility serves all the clients just as be capable in arranging extension and increments of offices to envision development in the market (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Deregulation has been a piece of the methodology that has been found to have some effect on the gracefully of power just as the rates charged on power flexibly and appropriation.   According to the â€Å"Federal Power Act† (McGrew, J. H., American Bar Association, 2009), the discount cost of power notwithstanding the charges on transmission, should be founded on the expenses of creation (McGrew, American Bar Association. (2009). In any case, because of deregulation, the FERC will in general acknowledge the costs that are set by the business sectors as long as the set norms by the organization are met. The principle explanation behind this acknowledgment of costs set by the business sectors is to energize and bolster rivalry inside the business and lessen imposing business model (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009).   The deregulation of the business as a rule bodes well in that when there is adequate rivalry. Rivalry inside a market helps in the arrangement of value administration to buyers on the grounds that every one of the providers attempts their best to pull in clients (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Consequently, it implies that the rates charged on customers won't be as high as when there is imposing business model in the business. The general arrangement by FERC of needing to extend the pretended by the business sectors just as increment deregulation bodes well as far as incomes that providers will make just as a solid market for shoppers (McGrew, American Bar Association, 2009). Reference McGrew, J. H., American Bar Association. (2009). FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Chicago, Ill: American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. Source archive

Napoleon Bonaparte's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Napoleon Bonaparte's - Essay Example The code was powerful and framed the private law premise in nations, for example, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal and Poland. These nations embraced this code particularly those viewpoints identified with family laws which were unfair against the hitched ladies. The codes were embraced generally under the European Court on Human Rights’ pressure1. Be that as it may, Napoleon is recalled best for his job in the Napoleonic Wars which were those wars which were driven against the French by arrangement of alliances. He set up a state which overwhelmed over numerous pieces of the mainland Europe and spread over the thoughts for the French Revolution while he united a majestic government. He picked up accomplishment in these wars and end up being one of the best military authorities ever. He is still associated with his fighting and developments that drove the achievement and notwithstanding having numerous foes who were predominant; he figured out how to effectively run his crusades. Today, instances of his crusades are educated at the military scholastics all around. In the start of the nineteenth century there was a lot of unsettling influence and confusion in the French Empire until Napoleon was occupied with the arrangement of contentions that handled with each significant force in the Europe. Nonetheless, these contentions brought about a progression of triumphs and France had the option to make sure about an overwhelming situation in the mainland Europe under Napoleon’s military. Napoleon additionally figured out how to keep up the impact of the French Empire on the European nations by framing collusions and designating loved ones to run these European nations just like the customer conditions of the French (Landau 55). At the point when it is about the effect on the occasions, Napoleon’s character is the thing that took the force. He had the ability and mastery which permitted him to accept many right choices as he picked the best officers for the armed forces and remained by them till the end. He rearranged a large number of the things which permitted

The Basics of Prosocial Behavior

The Basics of Prosocial Behavior Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Basics of Prosocial Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 21, 2018 Marina Ramos Urbano / Moment / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Prosocial behavior is characterized by a concern for the rights, feelings, and welfare of other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people. In The Handbook of Social Psychology, C. Daniel Batson explains that prosocial behaviors refer to a broad range of actions intended to benefit one or more people other than oneselfâ€"behaviors such as helping, comforting, sharing and cooperation. The term prosocial behavior originated during the 1970s and was introduced by social scientists as an antonym for the term antisocial behavior. What Motivates Prosocial Behavior? Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. In some cases, people will even put their own lives at risk in order to help other people, even those that are complete strangers. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer? Psychologists suggest  that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Evolutionary psychologists often explain prosocial behaviors in terms of the principles of natural selection. Obviously, putting your own safety in danger makes it less likely that you will survive to pass on your own genes. However, the idea of kin selection suggests that helping members of your own genetic family makes it more likely that your kin will survive and pass on genes to the future generations. Researchers have been able to produce some evidence that people are often more likely to help those to whom they are closely related. The norm of reciprocity suggests that when people do something helpful for someone else, that person feels compelled to help out in return. Essentially, helping others means that they might help us in return. This norm developed, evolutionary psychologists suggest  because people who understood that helping others might lead to reciprocal kindness were more likely to survive and reproduce. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve ones self-image), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual). Situational Influences on Prosocial Behavior Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present, someone else will have surely already called for help. The tragic murder of a young woman named Kitty Genovese was what spurred much of the interest and research on the bystander effect. In 1964, Genovese was attacked as neared her apartment on her way home from work late one night. She was stabbed and left lying on the sidewalk. She called for help and reports later indicated that many of her neighbors heard her cries yet did not call for help or attempt to interfere with the attack that lasted approximately 30 minutes. A neighbor eventually called police, but Genovese died before reaching the hospital. The story generated considerable interest in the bystander effect and in understanding why people help in some situations but not in others, and experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. This is known as the diffusion of responsibility.People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. If no one else seems to be reacting, then individuals become less likely to respond as well.Fear of being judged by other members of the group also play a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action. Lantane and Darley have suggested that five key things must happen in order for a person to take action. An individual must: Notice what is happeningInterpret the event as an emergencyExperience feelings of responsibilityBelieve that they have the skills to helpMake a conscious choice to offer assistance Other factors that can help people overcome the bystander effect including having a personal relationship with the individual in need, having the skills and knowledge to provide assistance, and having empathy for those in need. Prosocial Behavior Versus Altruism Altruism is sometimes seen as a form of prosocial behavior, but some experts suggest that there are actually different concepts. While prosocial behavior is seen as a type of helping behavior that ultimately confers some benefits to the self, altruism is viewed as a pure form of helping motivated purely out of concern for the individual in need. Others argue, however, that reciprocity actually does underlie many examples of altruism or that people engage in such seemingly selfless behaviors for selfish reasons, such as to gain the acclaim of others or to feel good about themselves.

Love as Failed Imagination in The Passion and in Sextons Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

The notion of love is something that evades language, yet has been a staple theme in literary works all over the world. Writers have struggled to express this abstract feeling in language and accord it with a definition so that it can finally be understood. However, in Jeanette Winterson’s The Passion and Anne Sexton’s poems, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† and â€Å"That Day†, it is suggested that trying to capture love may very well be a futile act. The Passion follows the journey of Henri, a soldier in Napoleon Bonaparte’s army. Although he is initially passionately in love with Bonaparte, Henri is later disillusioned by the latter’s cruel acts and deserts the army. He meets and finds passion in Villanelle, a Venetian woman, but his love is ultimately left unfulfilled, as Villanelle does not return his feelings. Sexton’s poems, similarly, play with the idea of unfulfilled desire. In â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts and â€Å"That Day†, the character of the beloved is conspicuously absent, leaving the lover in an attempt to sculpt the beloved into existence using language. Both Winterson’s novel and Sexton’s work portray the lover as attempting to recreate or remember their beloved from past memory. Love is shown to be something that fails, as the lover has nothing to go by but interpretations and images that do not have any inherent meaning – resulting in their failure to arrive at the essence of love, and the creation of a beloved who does not exist. In The Passion, Winterson exposes conventional acts of love to be arbitrary ones with no particular meaning. By juxtaposing the relationships between Villanelle and Henri, as well as Villanelle and her female lover, the Queen of Spades, the arbitrary nature of conventional acts of love is highlighted. When Villanelle is kissing the Queen of Spades, she describes their connected mouths to be â€Å"the focus of love†, suggesting that the act of kissing is an act of love (Winterson 67). However, this idea is turned on its head later on in the book, when Henri and Villanelle are trying to avoid detection after Henri kills the cook (135). Whenever they pass by anyone, Villanelle would â€Å"[throw Henri] against the wall and [kiss him] passionately, blocking all sight of [his] body† in order to prevent people from seeing â€Å"the blood on [his] clothes† (136). Here, the act of kissing takes on a whole new meaning. Instead of connecting two people who are in love with each other as an expression of their love, Villanelle uses it as a means of survival. Similarly, sex means completely different things to Villanelle and Henri, as evidenced by the way she says, â€Å"He gave me pleasure, but when I watched his face I knew it was more than that for him.† (148) To her, making love with him is only a way for her to feel good, but for Henri, it is an act that conveys his love for her. The contrast between the different ways that conventional acts of love can be viewed undermines their credibility as a means of validating love; as they could potentially hold other meanings as well, the lover can no longer use these acts of love to prove the existence of love. Sexton complicates this argument in â€Å"That Day†, showing that not only is love impossible to capture in the moment, it is even more elusive after the moment has passed. In the poem, the speaker comments on â€Å"the typewriter that sits before me / where yesterday only your body sat before me† (Sexton, â€Å"That Day† 3-4). The typewriter, symbolising language, has taken over the beloved’s spot, implying that after the moment has passed, love can only be revisited through language. Indeed, the speaker proceeds to try to recreate the beloved in the form of language, piecing him together through images of â€Å"[his] red veins and [his] blue veins† (15), his â€Å"shut eyes†, â€Å"mouth†, â€Å"chest and its drummer† (35-37). However, even as she attempts to recreate her love, she ends off the poem with the line: â€Å"and love is where yesterday is at† (47), suggesting the impossibility of actually going back to the t ime when she is â€Å"[drawing] I LOVE YOU on [his] chest and its drummer† (35-36). According to Jacques Derrida, everything we have access to in this world is a text, as we require language in order to conceptualise it (158). Hence, although objective reality exists, we are unable to access it; all we have is a representation of it brought about by language (158). In line with this train of thought, not only is the speaker unable to return to the actual moment of love, when she uses language to recreate it, she is actually travelling further away from the authentic moment, as all she has now is an arbitrary representation of it. The Passion emphasises this point with Henri’s diary. When he first starts to keep a diary in order to preserve his memories, Domino, his friend, tells him that â€Å"every moment [he steals] from the present is a moment [he has] lost forever. There’s only now† (Winterson 29). Indeed, when Henri tries to recount the first night he makes love with Villanelle, he â€Å"lose[s] sense of [his] work, writing this story, trying to convey to [the reader] what really happened. Trying not to make up too much† (103). He implies that in every attempt to recreate a scenario, one cannot avoid the embellishment of facts; all he can do is try â€Å"not to make up too much† (103). This highlights the subjective nature of language, and suggests that any attempt to think about a moment of love can only fail, as the subjective medium of language prevents one from returning to the unadulterated moment. As Jean-Luc Marion says, â€Å"We can give love only an interpreta tion, or rather a non-interpretation, that is purely subjective, indeed sentimental.† (71) By thinking about love through the medium of languages, one is already attempting to participate in the act of interpretation; love thus fails as no one person can reach a pure, unmediated state of love. Sexton’s â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† goes further to suggest that it is not just the act of love that exists as an arbitrary interpretation; the beloved only exists as the lover’s interpretation as well. In the poem, the speaker enagages in a conversation with another unknown speaker, trying to describe what kind of person the beloved is in many different ways: She’s my real witch, my fork, my mare, my mother of tears, my skirtful of hell, the stamp of my sorrows, the stamp of my bruises and also the children she might bear and also a private place, a body of bones (Sexton, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† 24-28) Interestingly, the beloved is given many identifiers, but all of them are given to her by the speaker. Although she is physically present as â€Å"that one in [his] arms† (Sexton, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† 2), she does not have a voice throughout the whole poem; the speaker is the one who speaks for her. This indicates that whatever identity she is given in the poem is merely the speaker’s intepretation of who she is. Here, the beloved literally only exists as the lover’s creation, an imagined existence conjured from the speaker’s mind. The speaker acknowledges this when he says: I called her the woman in red. I called her the girl in pink. but she was ten colours and ten women. I could hardly name her. (85-89) He admits that although he calls her many things, he can still â€Å"hardly name her† (Sexton, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† 89), implying that all the identities he accords to her are simply his own interpretations of her, and inaccurate ones at that. The speaker’s repeated attempts to name the beloved convey a sense of anxiety at not being able to pinpoint her identity, and also a sense of futility in trying to do so. He considers that â€Å"maybe I shouldn’t have put it in words† (92), suggesting that as long as he is using language, he will never be able to describe the beloved as she truly is. However, as Derrida mentioned, language is the only thing one has to make sense of the world (158). The speaker can never truly reach the beloved while using language, yet language is the only tool that he has. From this, it can be inferred that the lover, being imprisoned by language, will always only be able to access an interpretat ed version of the beloved that he conjures up himself. The real person behind the beloved is forever unattainable, thus leading love to fail. This is further emphasised in â€Å"That Day†, as the speaker literally attempts to piece together her beloved in a series of fragmented images. She recalls his â€Å"tongue that came from [his] lips† (Sexton, â€Å"That Day† 11), â€Å"the doorway of [his] heart† (13), and his â€Å"red veins and [his] blue veins† (15). The poem focuses on various parts of the beloved’s anatomy, but never features a full image of him. This reflects the impossibility for the lover to create a complete, or true image of the beloved’s person. Just like in â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts†, the beloved here is an object of construction, a fictional character created by the lover. Marion expands on the idea that the beloved is a fictional construct created by the lover. According to him, the lover sees â€Å"not [the beloved] but the sum of lived experiences, for which she is only the accidental cause and of which [the lover’s] consciousness is the real measure† (77). It is not the beloved who matters, but the lived experiences that the lover associates with the beloved. In The Passion, Henri states that he was willing to die for Bonaparte because he loved him, and â€Å"when [they] go to war [they] feel [they] are not a lukewarm people anymore† (Winterson 108). This can be linked to the beginning of the story, when Henri is still living with his mother. He describes himself and his fellowmen as â€Å"a lukewarm people† who â€Å"long to be touched† (7). He also tries to go to confession at church but dislikes the lack of â€Å"fervour† there, thinking that one should â€Å"do it from the heart or not at all† (7 ). Here, Henri displays a want for something more passionate and grand than what his current life is. He later suggests that romance is â€Å"an explosion of dreams and desires that can find no outlet in everyday life† (13), implying that the reason he loves Bonaparte is because of his own lived experiences, which he associates with the latter. He does not want to lead a lukewarm existence, and thus pins his hopes and dreams onto Bonaparte, believing that going to war with him would save himself from continuing to be part of â€Å"a lukewarm people† (7). Indeed, later on, when his monarchist mother starts to look up to soon-to-be King Bonaparte, he notes: â€Å"I understood her hopes. We all had something to pin on Bonaparte.† (32) He acknowledges that he is essentially projecting his desires onto Bonaparte, loving what he stands for – passion and grandeur – rather than Bonaparte himself as a man. However, this also means that Henri’s love for Bonaparte is destined to fail, as the object of his love does not really exist. While Henri envisions Bonaparte as a great man who cares for his troops, waking â€Å"before [them] and [sleeping] long after [them]†, as well as â€Å"rallying [them] personally† (Winterson 19), the truth is not so. As Henri later realises, Bonaparte is a cruel man who does not mind sacrificing recruits; after killing 2,000 of them in a senseless move, â€Å"2,000 new recruits marched into Boulogne† the very next morning (25). He also thinks that losing 20,000 of his soldiers are â€Å"good odds† because he is â€Å"used to losing that number in battle† (20). To Bonaparte, the soldiers are nothing more than easily replaceable cattle. This discrepancy between Henri’s envisioning of Bonaparte and what the latter is really like dooms Henri’s love to failure right from the start. It is a love that cannot be , as Henri’s beloved is not Bonaparte, but a self-made vision that he imagines to be Bonaparte. While Henri’s creation of a non-existent beloved makes his love doomed to fail, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† argues that it is possible for the lover to recognise this condition. The speaker talks about how he has â€Å"tied [the beloved] down with a knot† (Sexton, â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts† 42). This knot is associated with things like â€Å"[his] mother’s apron†, and his â€Å"daughter’s / pink corduroys† (48-51), things that are a part of his daily life and lived experiences. This suggests that the â€Å"knot† stands for the images that he projects onto the beloved because of what he has experienced in life. However, the speaker comes to realise what he is doing, as he admits, â€Å"I sang her out. I caught her down. / I stamped her out with a song† (55-56). He is aware that by conjuring up his own image of the beloved, he is wiping away the existence of her person. Hence, the poem implies a hope for the lover to break out of the tendency to ignore the beloved’s humanity as he projects his desires onto her, making it possible to create an authentic love that will not fail. However, The Passion suggests that there is no way for one to prevent the failure of love, as Henri repeats his mistake with Villanelle, despite thinking that he knows better. At the end of the book, Henri states that he has learnt about the difference between â€Å"inventing a lover and falling in love† during his encounters with Bonaparte and Villanelle, saying that â€Å"the one is about you, the other about someone else† (Winterson 158). Just like the speaker in â€Å"The Interrogation of the Man of Many Hearts†, he appears to be enlightened about his act of projecting his desires onto Bonaparte, and claims to be â€Å"in love with [Villanelle]; not a fantasy or a myth or a creature of [his] own making† (157). Despite so, he is shown to simply be repeating his mistakes all over again. He â€Å"[falls] in love with her† when she tells him that snowflakes are â€Å"all different† (87-88). The reason that he falls in love with Villanelle see ms shallow and almost unbelievable, but the reader will remember when Henri first mentions the snowflakes. Back when he goes to the church with Patrick at Boulogne, he thinks about the deaths that he has witnessed, and how Domino tells him to â€Å"forget it† (42). Then, he suddenly shifts to wondering about the snowflakes: â€Å"They say every snowflake is different. If that were true, how could the world go on? How could we ever get up off our knees? How could we ever recover from the wonder of it?† (42-43) The quick shift from thoughts about death to snowflakes suggest that they are Henri’s form of defense mechanism. Only by thinking about the beauty in the world, can he forget the horrors that he has seen in war. This theory is reinforced by the second appearance of Henri’s thoughts about snowflakes. It comes right after he sees the Russian village people who are â€Å"singing songs† as they sit â€Å"by the frozen rivers†, driven out of their homes to die because the Russians are destroying their villages in order to stop the French Army from looting them (Winterson 81). Once again, Henri thinks about how these villagers are dying because of them: â€Å"We had killed them all without firing a shot† (81). Immediately after, he thinks, â€Å"Is every snowflake different? No one knows.† He turns to the snowflakes as a defense mechanism, bringing his mind to a place of safety, where he does not have to contemplate the many deaths that he has witnessed. The idea that snowflakes symbolise the beauty and peace in a war-wrecked world for Henri, sheds new light onto his reasons for falling in love with Villanelle. She tells him to â€Å"think of [snowflakes]†, he does so and immediately falls in love with her (Winterson 88). At this point of time, he does not even know her name; all he knows is that she is a â€Å"vivandiere†, one of the girls kept at the camp in order to satisfy the sexual needs of the officers (87). There is no reason for him to fall in love with her, which suggests that he only does so by associating his lived experiences with her, connecting her with the comfort and peace that the snowflakes bring him. Similarly, on the night when they first make love, Henri thinks of how Villanelle lets her hair â€Å"fall all over [him]†, and how it makes him feel like he is â€Å"lying in the long grass, safe† (103). By comparing her hair to the long grass, he associates her with his memories of  "the fields that ripen at harvest† back in his hometown (27), which causes him to feel safe. As such, I argue that Henri’s love for Villanelle is not truly different from what he felt for Bonaparte, even if he believes it to be. He is still projecting his desires and wants onto her without even really getting to know her. What he loves is the safety and comfort that he thinks Villanelle stands for, and not her person – Henri once again creates a figure of the beloved that does not exist, dooming his love to failure. The Passion suggests that even when one is aware of the ideal form of love, the one that is â€Å"about someone else† and not yourself (Winterson 158), the lover ultimately cannot refrain from projecting his desires onto the beloved. Thus, love will always fail in the end, as the non-existent beloved that the lover creates is not capable of returning his feelings. Winterson and Sexton’s works largely focus on the relationship between the lover and the beloved, as well as love and language. Through the portrayal of conventional acts of love and language as arbitrary systems, the credibility of these sign systems as an indicator of love is challenged. Without any form of medium to confirm the existence of love, it is then impossible for any lover to arrive at the pure essence of love, resulting in it being a futile act. Furthermore, love is revealed to be an extremely subjective act in both the poems and the novel. Not only do no two people view love the same way, it is portrayed as inevitable that the lover attempts to project his desires onto the beloved. The person that is the beloved is completely wiped out, and instead, replaced with the illusion that the lover creates for himself. This brings up the problem of alterity – can one truly love another person, or does one merely project bits of themselves to create a whole new non -person? While Sexton’s work expresses the potential for humankind to learn to relate to the other as they are one day, The Passion paints a much more pessimistic outlook. The novel suggests that the failure of love may be something that is inevitable and unstoppable, for as humans, even being aware of the ideal way to love, we ultimately fall short in practice. Works Cited Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. Marion, Jean-Luc. Prolegomena to Charity. New York, Fordham University Press, 2002, Google Books, books.google.com.sg/books?id=wqo56sja2quclpg=pp1pg=pr3#v=onepageqf=false. Sexton, Anne. â€Å"The Interrogation of The Man of Many Hearts.† Anne Sexton: The Complete Poems, Mariner Books, Boston, 1999, pp. 176–180. . â€Å"That Day.† Anne Sexton: The Complete Poems, Mariner Books, Boston, 1999, pp. 180–181. Winterson, Jeanette. The Passion. London, Vintage, 2014.